{"componentChunkName":"component---src-layouts-issue-js","path":"/issues/volume-6","result":{"data":{"allArticle":{"edges":[{"node":{"title":"A model for evaluating the multifunctionality of agriculture in Slovenia","slug":"a-model-for-evaluating-the-multifunctionality-of-agriculture-in-slovenia","author":[{"name":" Matej Bedrac"},{"name":"Tomaz Cunder"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":9,"pageTo":28,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478511-2009-rad-06-01-bedrac.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-01-BEDRAC"},"abstract":"The primary aim of the present paper is to introduce a model which permits relevant, actual and continuous monitoring of the multifunctionality of agriculture in Slovenia and, using the model, to evaluate to what extent key elements of multifunctional agriculture were in fact influenced by recent agricultural policy goals and measures. Said evaluation was performed on various “multifunctionality elements” using available statistical data for the period examined. Based on selected socio-economic and spatial indicators, together with indicators of biological diversity, the model provides an efficient tool for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural policy and its impact on the different functions of agriculture. To evaluate the various multifunctionality elements of agriculture and to assess the effect of agricultural policy measures, the model comprises a qualitative assessment, quantitative assessment and the application of indicators of multifunctionality. Based on the collected set of production, environmental and social indicators used, the study points to an increased multifunctional role of agriculture and agricultural policy in Slovenia. The results furthermore show that the goals of agricultural policy in the period 1994-2004 were achieved to a great extent and that the multifunctional attitude of agriculture in Slovenia is increasing."}},{"node":{"title":"Comparative analysis of territorial impacts of multifunctional agriculture","slug":"comparative-analysis-of-territorial-impacts-of-multifunctional-agriculture","author":[{"name":"Thomas Dax"},{"name":"Gerhard Hovorka"},{"name":"Vida Hočevar"},{"name":"Luka Juvančič"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":29,"pageTo":46,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478513-2009-rad-06-02-dax.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-02-DAX"},"abstract":"Due to the increasing priority orientated towards more integrated policy concepts, such as rural development policy, there is a growing need to address the concept of multifunctionality for policy assessment. In particular, the dependence of the various tasks and services provided by agriculture on the territorial contexts is a key issue in valuing adequately the potential of agriculture and forestry in diverse types of rural regions. These questions were therefore the main aims of EU FP6 research project TOP-MARD 2 which tried to develop the concept of multifunctionality as a rural development policy instrument that is sensitive to economic, social, cultural, environmental and geographical context. The project was designed to analyze how the various functions of the agricultural sector in any given territory affect the sustainable economic development and the quality of life of that territory, and how different policies affect these relationships. In a sample of 11 EU countries specific study areas were selected to explore the diversity of multiple functions, co-production, and impacts on rural development across Europe. One of the main objectives and outputs of the research project was to improve our knowledge about the relationships affecting multifunctional tasks. A core project deliverable was to characterize these driving forces and interrelations in a policy model (called POMMARD) which would allow the simulation of the dynamic economic, social and environmental impacts of different future policy scenarios in different rural contexts.\nThe paper presents an overview of the objectives and structures of the project, including a comparison of the case study areas and an overview of the POMMARD model. As the provision of tasks going beyond agriculture is particularly expressed in contexts of less-favoured and mountainous areas, a comparative analysis of territorial impacts of multifunctional agriculture in two mountain regions will be presented here: the Pinzgau-Pongau region (Austria), and the Gorenjska region (Slovenia). A set of policy and market scenarios (five policy scenarios) that were tested across all the study areas are summarized for these two regions by analysing the model results and focusing on major conclusions of the project."}},{"node":{"title":"Modelling and valuing ecosystem goods and services of multifunctional landscapes using GIS and remote sensing","slug":"modelling-and-valuing-ecosystem-goods-and-services-of-multifunctional-landscapes","author":[{"name":"Hermann Klug"},{"name":"Petra Jenewein"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":47,"pageTo":60,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478513-2009-rad-06-03-klug.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-03-KLUG"},"abstract":"Landscape change today is occurring more rapidly than in any other time in history. Among other influences such as global warming these changes are also driven by political decisions affecting ecosystem services. The overall research objective is to define how the European Union’s political strategies implemented through rural development programmes and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are influencing or changing ecosystem goods and services  in the future. This contribution aims at outlining the research framework and especially focuses on a ground rent approach to model the spatially explicit distribution of subsidy cash flows on farm and parcel level. Experiments with changing political strategies and incentive payments were carried out in the Mondsee catchment (Austria) using GIS and remote sensing for facilitation. The results were visualised and show the dominant (inter-)national and regional funding programmes of this area. They further display the likely effects of changing political strategies on the monetary value of certain parcels and the overall farmparcel balance. The validation of an aggregated set of funding measures reveals 15% deviation between the model framework and real subsidy payments. Thus, this model is suitable for estimating the impact of changed funding strategies at EU level and also supports farmers in indentifying the best economic income sources on parcel and farm level. Embedded in the overall research objective, the results constitute the basis for opening a discussion on how ecosystem services might change with political intervention strategies in rural areas and resulting landscape changes in the future."}},{"node":{"title":"Rural tourism: an opportunity for the development of rural areas in Poland?","slug":"rural-tourism-an-opportunity-for-the-development-of-rural-areas-in-poland","author":[{"name":"Sabine Baum"},{"name":"Andreas Gramzow"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":61,"pageTo":80,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478514-2009-rad-06-04-baum.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-04-BAUM"},"abstract":"Rural tourism – and particularly agrotourism, which has a high share in rural tourist offers – is an intensely discussed and politically supported issue in Poland. This paper critically examines the role of tourism in the development of rural areas. A literature review reveals seven success factors, whose existence or development is the precondition to develop rural tourism effectively in a region: 1) natural and cultural resources, 2) tourist and general infrastructure and services, 3) professional marketing, 4) cooperation, participation and efficient organisation, 5) human resources, 6) financial resources and technical assistance, 7) conditions of demand. The analysis of these success factors in rural regions of Poland using secondary data and literature shows both opportunities and barriers to a rural tourism development. Major opportunities are the existing natural resources in many areas and the good general outlook for the Polish tourism. In contrast, the deficiency of the tourist and general infrastructure in many rural areas, the weak marketing, the negative international image of Poland, the insufficient coordination and cooperation in tourism, the shortage of skilled labour and entrepreneurial skills, and the poor financial resources of public authorities and private enterprises hamper the development of rural tourism in Poland. Two cases studies carried out in the summer of 2005 – in the rural communes Bałtów in Southeast Poland and Dębrzno in Northwest Poland – emphasize the significance of people‘s own initiative and partnerships in developing tourism and overcoming bottlenecks. Finally, even though rural tourism is not a panacea for the structural problems of rural areas in Poland, it could be developed in far more areas in different dimensions and forms depending on the resources provided that the regions succeed in addressing the barriers."}},{"node":{"title":"Economic quantification of the services provided by the Rural Tourism Associations: the Catalonian case","slug":"economic-quantification-of-the-services-provided-by-the-rural-tourism-associatio","author":[{"name":"Gemma Francès Tudel"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":81,"pageTo":92,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478515-2009-rad-06-05-tudel.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-05-TUDEL"},"abstract":"Rural tourism has become a significant economic activity in Spain, contributing also to the social revitalisation of rural areas. However, rural tourism destinations face particular challenges with respect to commercialisation and promotion. Because rural tourism industry remains highly fragmented, comprising a large number of relatively small and generally family-run businesses, the participation of tourism intermediaries in the marketing process is limited. To ensure that rural tourism businesses are properly marketed numerous organisations, based on joint local initiatives, have arisen. Such cooperative groups are labelled as Rural Tourism Associations.\nThe purpose of this paper is to present the main characteristics of Rural Tourism Association’s movement in Spain, making to do it a census of these organisations. Secondly, we estimate the contribution of Rural Tourism Associations to the income of rural tourism business owners. The sample, made of Catalan rural tourism promoters, shows the relevant role that rural tourism organisations play on the viability of rural tourism business."}},{"node":{"title":"Bioenergy entrepreneurship as a tool for rural development in Northern Finland","slug":"bioenergy-entrepreneurship-as-a-tool-for-rural-development-in-northern-finland","author":[{"name":"Toivo Muilu"},{"name":"Tuomo Pesola"},{"name":"Juha-Pekka Snäkin"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":93,"pageTo":106,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478515-2009-rad-06-06-muilu.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-06-MUILU"},"abstract":"This paper aims at analyzing business services in bioenergy investments and innovations on farms in the Northern Ostrobothnia region in Finland. Finance into research of bioenergy has strongly increased during the last years both in Finland and Europe. Primary focus of this research has been so far on the technical and economic problems, like production, processing and combustion techniques of biofuels and environmental effects of bioenergy production. Energy resources of farms and their possibilities to act as bioenergy entrepreneurs has been paid attention to only lately. Research focusing on the background factors, support services and regional conditions effecting farm level bioenergy entrepreneurship has been minor in Finland.\nThe number of Finnish farm enterprises is assumed to decrease from 70,000 to about 50,000 by the year 2013 and the decline is especially drastic in marginal rural areas like Northern Finland. This trend fosters the depopulation of rural areas and weakens the well-being there. New business opportunities are important in keeping up agricultural enterprises in business. High hopes have been put on the production and use of domestic bioenergy as one of the farm businesses, which is at the same time seen as one of the solutions for reacting to the demands of climate change. In here, governmental and other business services have an important role, but the Finnish business services are scattered in numerous organizations.\nThe research emphasis is put on local/regional actors, who make final energy decisions. Empirically this paper is based on questioning (150 farmers) and structural interviews (39 farmers) for farms directed to bioenergy production in the province of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. The data was collected in 2006 and 2007. Three groups of farmers were categorized according to their attitudes to bioenergy production on their farms: investors, entrepreneurs and hobbyist. The results will help to develop future business services, increase bioenergy use, and bring in information about the factors and causalities behind bioenergy decisions."}},{"node":{"title":"Theoretical conception of the qualitative analysis about care farming in Austria and the Netherlands","slug":"theoretical-conception-of-the-qualitative-analysis-about-care-farming-in-austria","author":[{"name":"Renate Renner"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":107,"pageTo":124,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478516-2009-rad-06-07-renner.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-07-RENNER"},"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to describe the conception of the research especially the theoretical conception. Furthermore, the research focus will be exemplified through the description of first empirical results. Care farming can be named innovation because taking on social duties is “relatively” new for farmers. Before industrialisation people with special needs were often integrated  at farms. At the present time care farming starts to become important again as a part of multifunctional agriculture. Care farming offers rehabilitation, therapy, care or pedagogic for people with special needs by working in an agricultural surrounding. The target group can be manifold; it ranges from children to elderly, from long-term unemployed to mentally or physically disabled people. This article focuses on current social developments, especially in rural regions. Through the comparison between Austria and the Netherlands it will be possible to gain a new insight into the development of innovative practices because both countries are in different development stages regarding this innovation. There will be a special focus on the process of innovation and on influencing social networks. Social networks mean relations between actors. Furthermore, the existence of relations allow the exchange of information or the transaction of practical, emotional or financial support which could influence the development of the innovation. Based on the idea that social networks highly influence the process of innovation, I will focus on these by using qualitative network analysis. The research focus is quite complex because micro and macro perspective will be combined by using the theory of structuration by Giddens. The micro level will be investigated empirically by focusing on single care farming projects while the macro  perspective will be taken into account by applying a comparative approach and by interviewing care-farming experts. Combined with literature review this will help to understand why the surroundings for the development of innovative practice are diverse in different countries and how they influence the behaviour of care farmers.\nTo sum up, the main focus of this paper is on the description of the care farming sector in Austria and the Netherlands and on the explanation of the research focus in this project. Furthermore, there will be an illustration of the theoretical framework which will be used in this research, how different theories are connected and why the theoretical focus will be helpful to understand the development of innovative practice."}},{"node":{"title":"New challenges for Romanian agriculture – Organic farming","slug":"new-challenges-for-romanian-agriculture-organic-farming","author":[{"name":"Dan Marius Voicilas"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":125,"pageTo":142,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478516-2009-rad-06-08-voicilas.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-08-VOICILAS"},"abstract":"The paper presents the evolution of the organic farming in Romania, the general background, the legislation bearing on it, the institutions created to coordinate this activity, the rules that should be observed for a product to be labelled as organic, opportunities for Romanian farmers, the new challenges in the filed, tendencies and traditions. All these are analyzed in close relation with the evolution in the world and indicate the place of Romania in this competition."}},{"node":{"title":"Commercial and non-commercial benefits of Serbian forests","slug":"commercial-and-non-commercial-benefits-of-serbian-forests","author":[{"name":"Vlade Zaric"},{"name":"Zorica Vasiljević"},{"name":"Jonel Subić"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":143,"pageTo":153,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478517-2009-rad-06-09-zaric.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-09-ZARIC"},"abstract":"The present paper deals with the commercial and non-commercial benefits of Serbian forests based on officially published data, data available in existing studies, expert opinions and research data collected using one-to-one interviews on a representative sample.\nIn the first section of the paper the basic characteristics of Serbian forests are described in terms of general data, which are then used in the second section to estimate the total economic value (TEV) in 2007. To obtain the TEV, the forestry-related values are classified in use and non-use values based on the various subgroups of products and services. For the product and service valuations either domestic or international prices were applied. The results are shown in three potential scenarios, each yielding a different TEV estimate: 1) based on existing data, 2) based on additional inputs from experts and 3) based on estimates and assumptions derived from existing studies. Undoubtedly, wood is the most important forest product in Serbia, as it contributes between 42% and 90% to the TEV depending on the specific scenario.\nThe results of the paper are intended to help improve general awareness for the totality of benefits of Serbia’s forests. By providing an overview in terms of both commercial and non-commercial value, the authors furthermore hope to assist Serbian decision makers in finding the mix of policies which will best support the nation’s forests in the future."}},{"node":{"title":"Attitudes amongst farmers in Eastern Hungary and the East of England towards environmental, economic and social sustainability in a changing countryside","slug":"attitudes-amongst-farmers-in-eastern-hungary-and-the-east-of-england-towards-envi","author":[{"name":"Judit Kovács Katona"},{"name":"John Murphy"},{"name":"Andrew F. Fieldsend"},{"name":"Gábor Szabó"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":155,"pageTo":173,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478518-2009-rad-06-10-katona-kovacs.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-10-KATONA-KOVACS"},"abstract":"Globalisation, climate- and demographic changes, as well as the current global financial crisis, are likely to have a strong influence on the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). These processes are closely related to the three dimensions (environment, society and economy) of sustainable development. Farmers across the EU are experiencing a period of change and uncertainty caused by changes to the CAP and compounded in the case of Hungary by EU accession. Theory suggests that the business development strategies of European farming households should be based on multifunctionality, diversification and pluri-activity. However, the farming community is not normally recognised for its ability to embrace change and in some regions support structures have been put in place to assist farmers to make the necessary transition. One such example was the „Agricultural Development in the Eastern Region” (ADER) project which was implemented in the East of England between 2000 and 2007 with the aim of helping farmers to identify new opportunities and develop alternative business approaches. In late 2006 and early 2007 ADER conducted a questionnaire survey amongst its clients on their attitudes towards environmental, economic and social sustainability in the light of probable future developments in agriculture, particularly with respect to CAP funding. For almost five years there has been increasing collaboration between rural development researchers in East of England (EE) and eastern Hungary, resulting in the establishment of an informal partnership called the Cross-Border Centre of Expertise in Rural Development (HVTK). In early 2008, the ADER questionnaire was translated into Hungarian and distributed to farmers in the Northen Great Plain Region (NGP). This paper compares the attitudes of farmers in the two regions to sustainability in the light of anticipated changes in agriculture.ding the mix of policies which will best support the nation’s forests in the future."}},{"node":{"title":"Livelihood strategies in a disadvantageous micro-region of Hungary","slug":"livelihood-strategies-in-a-disadvantageous-micro-region-of-hungary","author":[{"name":"Katalin Ludvig"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":175,"pageTo":186,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478518-2009-rad-06-11-ludvig.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-11-LUDVIG"},"abstract":"In Hungarian rural areas the low level of population density and income, the unfavourable age structure and the other economic conditions significantly differ from urban areas; and the differences among micro-regions are also increasing, which results in different standards of living and types of livelihood. Due to this unfavourable process some underdeveloped micro-regions have to face considerable economic and social problems (low economic activity, high unemployment rate), which leads to a critical situation.\nIn this paper we focus on one single micro-region called Abaúj-Hegyköz, which is one of the most underdeveloped micro-region of the country. The main objective of this paper is to examine the livelihood strategies through employment possibilities, level of social aid, migration, educational level and infrastructural conditions in the micro-region. The basis of the fieldwork (including questionnaire and interview) was three selected settlements: Boldogkőváralja, Vizsoly and Hidasnémeti with about 1000 inhabitants each.\nIn all the three villages the visited households were selected on the basis of economic and social criteria. The respondents represent each of the social strata; however, the article focuses first of all on the livelihood strategies of the two extreme groups of society. Based on the analysis a very heterogeneous picture was obtained and also strong differentiation was found within the surveyed community. The overall picture shows a considerable and broad-based poverty in the micro-region. The income differences increase the gap between the livelihoods’ of the two extreme strata.\nThere is no economic base evolved in rural areas, which would mitigate the territorial differences. In case no significant changes occur, depopulation of the countryside might become a serious problem in the near future. Despite of the reduced economic importance of agriculture, almost all inhabitants of the examined region were involved in farming at some time either for subsistence or for market production. Therefore agriculture still has importance for the livelihood of a significant part of the population and can have a role in reduction of social tension in the future.\nThe policy is inadequate to treat the problem of unemployment effectively on the longterm. It should encourage people to remain in the educational system and afterwards search actively for a job. Placing poverty alleviation first also requires innovative institutional arrangements and partnerships between the government, municipalities, NGOs, civil society groups and poor people."}},{"node":{"title":"Polish rural municipalities: Can we say what do people do there on the basis of the official data?","slug":"polish-rural-municipalities-can-we-say-what-do-people-do-there-on-the-basis-of-th","author":[{"name":"Jan W. Owsiński"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":187,"pageTo":206,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478519-2009-rad-06-12-owsinski.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-12-OWSIŃSKI"},"abstract":"On the basis of data on all of the Polish rural municipalities – close to altogether 1,600 entities – a preliminary study was carried out, meant to identify certain key characteristics of the population studied in terms of economic activity and its reflection through the indicators, related, first of all, to: (i) the non-agricultural employment, (ii) the number of businesses, (iii) the registered unemployment, (iv) the share of agricultural tax in the local budgets, (v) the overall structure of the local budgets, and (vi) the equipment with basic technical infrastructure.\nGiven the limitations of the official statistics, characterised in the paper, and often leading to statistical artefacts, the analysis attempts to verify certain simple hypotheses, which can be forwarded on the basis of these statistics. Some simple models and relations are identified for the entire population of the rural municipalities in Poland and for its significant sub-populations. This analysis constitutes also a preliminary step towards identification of regional differentiation with respect to the phenomena considered.\nThe primary purpose of the analysis, whose initial stages are presented here, is to identify the development paths of rural municipalities in order to be able to assess the quality (degree of balance or sustainability) of their development with respect to the paths identified.\n"}},{"node":{"title":"The development of social infrastructure in rural areas of Ukraine","slug":"the-development-of-social-infrastructure-in-rural-areas-of-ukraine","author":[{"name":"Stepan Poperechnyi"},{"name":"Oksana Kleban"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":207,"pageTo":212,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478519-2009-rad-06-13-poperechnyi.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-13-POPERECHNYI"},"abstract":"Our primary focus in the present paper is to research the current  state of social infrastructure in rural areas of Ukraine. In addition, we attempt to identify the factors which impact the establishment of appropriate conditions in support of vital social functions and services among the country’s rural population."}},{"node":{"title":"Multifunctionality and policy learning in the finnish agri-environmental policy subsystem: A multilevel governance perspective","slug":"multifunctionality-and-policy-learning-in-the-finnish-agri-environmental-policy-s","author":[{"name":"Pekka Jokinen"},{"name":"Jyrki Aakkula"},{"name":"Laura Kröger"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":213,"pageTo":232,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478520-2009-rad-06-14-jokinen.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-14-JOKINEN"},"abstract":"During the past fifteen years Finnish agricultural, agri-environmental and rural policies have undergone significant changes. Structural changes of agriculture, emphasis on the joint production of food and public goods, as well as the recognition of general multifunctional nature of agriculture and rural activities have all contributed to the policy change. The term multifunctionality has been used in various ways in the agricultural and rural policy debate, depending on the political agenda and on the context in which it has arisen. From the theoretical point of view, it is of particular interest due to its various dimensions. This paper addresses the role of the notion of multifunctionality in the development of the Finnish agri-environmental policy. The main finding  is that the concept of multifunctionality is closely related to the formation of a new advocacy coalition in the agri-environmental policy subsystem. However, it is not seen that the concept has much to contribute to agricultural, agri-environmental or rural policy. It seemingly acts for consensus in the policy field but it has hardly been used as a conceptual tool for creating any new space for integrative policy framing."}},{"node":{"title":"Assessment of the demographic effect on future rural development in Bulgaria","slug":"assessment-of-the-demographic-effect-on-future-rural-development-in-bulgaria","author":[{"name":"Minka Anastasova-Chopeva"},{"name":"Dimitre Nikolov"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":233,"pageTo":241,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478520-2009-rad-06-15-anastasova-chopeva.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-15-ANASTASOVA-CHOPEVA"},"abstract":"This paper investigates the current demographic crisis in Bulgarian rural areas and potential solutions for overcoming it. The future development of rural areas in Bulgaria will depend on the practical implementation of the National Plan for Rural Development – NPRD (2007-2013). Ultimately, the purpose of the present study is to analyse the consequences of demographic trends in Bulgarian rural areas and to explore several good practices which could be suitable for improving the demographic situation."}},{"node":{"title":"Analysis of alternative rural support policy for a lagging region in Latvia","slug":"analysis-of-alternative-rural-support-policy-for-a-lagging-region-in-latvia","author":[{"name":"Eudokia Balamou"},{"name":"Daina Saktiņa"},{"name":"Willam H. Meyers"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":243,"pageTo":258,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478521-2009-rad-06-16-balamou.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-16-BALAMOU"},"abstract":"The paper uses a bi-regional CGE model to assess the potential impacts of an alternative rural development policy design, which is more targeted to public sector investments on the economic activity of a lagging region of Latvia. The results show the distribution of effects between the rural and urban areas within the lagging region as well as differences in the impacts between the two policy scenarios that are explored. A specially constructed bi-regional SAM (Social Accounting Matrix), that reflects the specific characteristics of Latgale region, was used to calibrate the bi-regional CGE model; and two policy scenarios are explored. The two scenarios, “Enhanced Financial Envelope” and “Investment in Public Sector” are defined in terms of allocation volume and reallocation of funding among RDP measures and area payments. This represents the most radical kind of reallocation that is possible within the CAP, between Pillar 1 and 2 and within the Axes and Measures of RDP; and it completely removes the sectoral aspect of the support. The first scenario is based on current implementation plans but with enhanced funding for the lagging region of Latgale, and the second on the complete shift of these funds to public goods financing. Results show that both scenarios generate positive effects in terms of macroeconomic indicators (GDP and employment levels) and sectoral effects (factor income and household income expenditure). However, the effects from the “Investment in Public Sector” are stronger showing that the allocation of funds towards the public sector, which has the stronger links in the regional economy, has the highest positive effects for both rural and urban parts of region Latgale. Also, both scenarios have the ability to increase more the economic activity of the rural area while positive effects are diffused towards the urban area."}},{"node":{"title":"New challenges for rural development in Vaslui County (North-Eastern Romania)","slug":"new-challenges-for-rural-development-in-vaslui-county-north-eastern-romania","author":[{"name":"Krisztina Melinda Dobay"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":259,"pageTo":273,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478522-2009-rad-06-17-dobay.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-17-DOBAY"},"abstract":"The aim of this article is to present the results of a project implemented in Romania between December 2006 and March 2008. The project entitled “Study Regarding the Prospective Valuation of the Socio-Economic Development of the Rural Space in Vaslui County” was driven by the Vaslui County Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in order to establish the local policy for promoting and approaching the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).\nThere were elaborated 84 studies for 81 communes, 1 city and 2 towns with rural areas. The studies highlighted the particularities of each community and the trends for their rural development."}},{"node":{"title":"New paradigm of rural development – new challenges for extension services","slug":"new-paradigm-of-rural-development-new-challenges-for-extension-services","author":[{"name":"Zbigniew Floriańczyk"},{"name":"Konrad Ł. Czapiewski"},{"name":"Ewa Stawicka"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":275,"pageTo":284,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478523-2009-rad-06-18-florianczyk.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-18-FLORIAŃCZYK"},"abstract":"The multifunctional concept became one of the most important directions of EU agriculture development. The success of multifunctional agriculture is based on growing demand for non-commodity outputs. The endogenous values of rural areas that used to be explored mainly by agriculture are turning to be a base for other economic activities. The new paradigm of rural development expands the multifunctional concept and equalises agriculture with other activities. Further it stressed that successful development of rural areas must depend on investment rather than income support and integrated cooperation of all stakeholders.\nIn the article endogenous and exogenous stimulants of multifunctional rural development are discussed. The different channels of knowledge transfer to rural areas are pointed out with the special attention to advisory services. Based on field study conducted in Poland the opinion of farmers that decided to undertake non-agricultural businesses are to be analysed. Authors argue that one of the most important obstacles in broad utilisation of rural resources for non-agricultural activities is inadequate skills of farmers. That is partially an outcome of traditional agriculture orientation of extension services."}},{"node":{"title":"Evaluation of support for farms in less-favoured areas in the Czech Republic and Slovakia","slug":"evaluation-of-support-for-farms-in-less-favoured-areas-in-the-czech-republic-and-slovakia","author":[{"name":"Marie Štolbová"},{"name":"Jana Molčanová"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":285,"pageTo":301,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478523-2009-rad-06-19-stolbova.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-19-STOLBOVA"},"abstract":"The background, criteria and scope of the spatial definition of LFA are very similar in both countries. Farm eligibility criteria are entirely different. In Slovakia the whole agricultural area of a holding is eligible for payment. In the Czech Republic it is only the area of grassland. Only the holdings breading cattle, sheep or goats at a given density per hectare are eligible in the Czech Republic. The aim of the paper is to compare the situation of LFAs in both countries and  to particularly evaluate the impact of the different eligibility criteria at the farm level in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The impact of LFA payments on land use, production structure, and agricultural employment and on the economic results of farms is analysed on the basis of chosen indicators. The research comes to the conclusion that farmers are significantly dependent on subsidies in both countries. The contribution of EU funds to LFA payment financial resources has resulted positively in the decrease of unused agricultural land and it delayed the labour input decline in both countries. The differences of farm eligibility criteria have led to differing trends of grassland acreage and livestock number."}},{"node":{"title":"Rural municipalities of Slovakia with a positive commuting balance","slug":"rural-municipalities-of-slovakia-with-a-positive-commuting-balance","author":[{"name":"Vladimír Székely"},{"name":"Daniel Michniak"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":303,"pageTo":319,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478524-2009-rad-06-20-szekely.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-20-SZEKELY"},"abstract":"High concentration of jobs in cities and towns is accompanied by labour commuting from the rural (urban) hinterlands. It is the phenomenon that generates functional regions characterized by the relationship between an urban centre and its rural hinterland. The inverse relationship is if a rural municipality with available attractive jobs becomes the centre of the special functional region (or a centre on a lower hierarchic level) and its hinterland consists of urban and rural municipalities with labour commuting to the rural centre. The aim of the paper is to answer the question whether such inverse relationship, manifested  by the rural municipality with the positive commuting balance exists in Slovakia and what is its cause. The original statistical data concerning commuting obtained from the last 2001Census has been used in this study in order to identify what is referred to as rural employment centres (more than 100 commuters, and the positive commuting balance). The paper maps, analyses and explains spatial distribution of rural employment centres in Slovakia and adds their inner characteristics."}},{"node":{"title":"Harmonizing nature conservation and agricultural activity for the sustainable utilization of protected grasslands","slug":"harmonizing-nature-conservation-and-agricultural-activity-for-the-sustainable-uti","author":[{"name":"Zsuzsanna Antal"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":321,"pageTo":326,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478524-2009-rad-06-21-antal.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-21-ANTAL"},"abstract":"Agricultural production is going on at the significant part of the total area of Hungary, thus it is understandable that nature conservation activity is dependent on the cooperation with agriculture. The cooperation of these two activities is extremely important in the case of protected grasslands. On one hand because from a nature conservation point of view, the grassland management systems own the biggest importance of the inland agricultural systems in Hungary and on the other hand because in the conservation of these areas grazing animal husbandry could hold a determinative role.\nBeing aware of the importance of the harmonization of these two areas, I would like to emphasize the common interests of these mutually dependent activities and promote the bilateral cooperation. My main research aim was to create a grass production model for a protected pasture which model could serve as a tool for determining animal carrying capacity. Although the prepared grass model requires further validation, methodical grazing upon strict regulation could be suggested. My grassland management suggestions satisfy predominantly nature conservation objectives but do not neglect the rural and regional development aspects. According to my suggestions over and also under grazing of the examined pasture could be avoided what is very important in the conservation of the significant plant and animal species attached to this habitat. Besides, I also would like to promote local farmers in planning their activity, to get the proper number of grazing animals that could be kept on the exact protected grassland year by year."}},{"node":{"title":"Human capital and rural multifunctionality - a territorial overview – Romania’s case","slug":"human-capital-and-rural-multifunctionality-a-territorial-overview-romania-s-case","author":[{"name":"Monica Tudor"}],"volume":{"name":"Volume 6","year":2009,"no":6,"title":"Multifunctional Territories: Importance of Rural Areas beyond Food Production","editor":[{"name":"Julia Neuwirth"},{"name":"Klaus Wagner"}],"slug":"volume-6"},"pageFrom":327,"pageTo":332,"pdf":{"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/20305/1580478525-2009-rad-06-22-tudor.pdf","title":"2009-RAD-06-22-TUDOR"},"abstract":"The assumption of the multifunctional character of the rural area implies the multiplication of roles that this territory has in the society. The new roles (ecologic, socio-cultural, etc.) are assumed as far as the rural society perceives their importance, as well as the benefits generated by this new vision. The rural society should be able to fructify the new opportunities (new occupations, funding sources) resulting from assuming the new roles. The initial assumption was that the driving force of the change of vision is the human capital. Its characteristics, from the demographic aspect, to the educational and occupational characteristics and ending up with the psychological and perception characteristics with regard to the rural community future, can represent constraints or catalysts in assuming the multifunctional character of rural areas."}}]}},"pageContext":{"slug":"volume-6"}},"staticQueryHashes":["2036182386","3000541721"]}